Emprint™ ablation system with Thermosphere™ technology

Source: Medtronic. (n.d.). Emprint™ ablation system with Thermosphere™ technology. Retrieved June 5, 2022, from https://medtronic.scene7.com/is/content/Medtronic/emea-emprint-animation-video?cid=EML:ELQ:EM1_play:EU_EN_GI_EmprintPhase2_GEN_NOV21:FY22?

Esophageal regions

«Anatomy of esophageal cancer primary site, including typical endoscopic measurements of each region measured from the incisors. Exact measurements depend on body size and height. For tumors of the EGJ and cardia, location of cancer primary site (ie, esophagus, stomach) is defined by cancer epicenter.»

v: vein

Source: Uptodate.com. (2019). UpToDate. [online] Available at: https://www.uptodate.com [Accessed 28 Mar. 2019].

Esophagus lesion	Anatomic boundaries	Distance from the incisors (cm)
Cervical	Hypopharynx to sternal notch	15 to < 20
Upper thoracic	Sternal notch to azygos vein	20 to < 25
Middle thoracic	Lower border of azygos vein to inferior pulmonary vein	25 to < 30
Distal/lower thoracic	Lower border of inferior pulmonary vein to EGJ	30 to < 40
Abdominal/EGJ	EGJ to 2 cm below EGJ	40 to 45

EGJ = esophagogastric junction

Source: Rice TW, Kelsen D, Blackstone EH, Ishwaran H, Patil DT, Bass AJ et al. 16 - Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, Washington MK, et al., ed. By: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. Springer International Publishing; 2017. p. 187.

ENLIGHT

The European Network for LIGht ion Hadron Therapy.

Electromagnetic tracking system (EMTS)

Image-guided therapy relies on the localization of the equipment with respect to the patient. This localization in three-dimensional space is referred to as tracking and is a key enabling technology for computer-assisted interventions. Electromagnetic (EM) tracking has emerged as the method of choice that enables localization of small EM sensors in a given EM field without the requirement for line-of-sight [3]. The introduction of continuous EM tracking has allowed the intrafraction motion to be measured and corrected in real-time during treatment [2]. When a receiving sensor moving in space, an EMTS can accurately calculate its position and orientation, it can provide dynamic, real-time measuring position and orientation angle [1].
«The term “electromagnetic” to describe the tracking phenomenon arises from the fact that electromagnets are responsible for producing changing or quasi-static magnetic fields, which induce currents in solenoids or fluxgate sensors embedded in the detectors. The phenomenon responsible for the operation of these tracking systems relies solely on magnetic induction rather than any strict electromagnetic effect. Nevertheless, while this technology is referred to by both the terms “magnetic tracking” (MT) and “electromagnetic tracking” (EMT), the latter has become the more common, having been adopted by the manufacturers of these devices, (...) [3].»

Bibliographic references:

[1] Zhang Z, Liu G. The Design and Analysis of Electromagnetic Tracking System. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications. 2013;5:85-9. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2013.52014.

[2] Litzenberg DW, Gallagher I, Masi KJ, et al. A measurement technique to determine the calibration accuracy of an electromagnetic tracking system to radiation isocenter. Med Phys. 2013 Aug;40(8):081711. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4813910.

[3] Franz AM, Haidegger T, Birkfellner W, et al. Electromagnetic tracking in medicine - a review of technology, validation, and applications. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2014 Aug;33(8):1702-25. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2014.2321777.

Efficacy

It "is the extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, or service produces the desired effect, under ideal conditions (controlled environment, laboratory circumstances)." Efficacy is equal to effectiveness; only circumstances change. For example, "the efficacy of vaccine A was achieved under ideal laboratory circumstances, yet, its effectiveness needs to be shown."

Bibliographic references: Hayajneh.org. (n.d.). Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Efficacy : Definition - Health Care and Health Care Informatics Terms - Define Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Efficacy. [online] Available at: http://www.hayajneh.org/glossary/vocabulary/e/EfficiencyEffectivenessEfficacy.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016].

Efficiency

It "is the ratio of the output to the inputs of any system. An efficient system or person is one who achieves higher levels of performance (outcome, output) relative to the inputs (resources, time, money) consumed."

Bibliographic reference: Hayajneh.org. (n.d.). Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Efficacy : Definition - Health Care and Health Care Informatics Terms - Define Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Efficacy. [online] Available at: http://www.hayajneh.org/glossary/vocabulary/e/EfficiencyEffectivenessEfficacy.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016].

Effectiveness

It "is the extent to which planned outcomes, goals, or objectives are achieved as a result of an activity, strategy, intervention or initiative intended to achieve the desired effect, under ordinary circumstances (not controlled circumstances such as in laboratory)." For example, "a vaccine is effective when it is capable to produce the desired effect (protection against disease) in the population, under ordinary circumstances. Being effective means achieving organizational goals. Being efficient means achieving goals with little wasted resources. Effectiveness comes first."

Bibliographic reference: Hayajneh.org. (n.d.). Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Efficacy : Definition - Health Care and Health Care Informatics Terms - Define Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Efficacy. [online] Available at: http://www.hayajneh.org/glossary/vocabulary/e/EfficiencyEffectivenessEfficacy.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016].

EQD2

Biologically equivalent total dose at 2 Gy/fraction, considering certain α/β [1,2]. The total dose of a schedule using 2 Gy per fraction that gives the same log cell kill as the schedule in question [2].

Bibliographic references:
[1] Hijazi H, Chevallier D, Gal J, Chand M, Gautier M, Hannoun-Levi J. Prostate cancer boost using high-dose-rate brachytherapy: early toxicity analysis of 3 different fractionation schemes. jcb. 2013;4:203-209. doi:10.5114/jcb.2013.38657.
[2] Fowler, J. (2006). Part I: Basic Concepts in Treatment Planning, 1. Practical Time-Dose Evaluations, or How to Stop Worrying and Learn to Love Linear Quadratics. In: S. Levitt, J. Purdy, C. Perez and S. Vijayakumar, ed., Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy, Practical Clinical Applications, 4th ed. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp.3-31.

ESTRO

European SocieTy for Radiotherapy & Oncology.

Bibliographic reference: Estro.org. (2012). ESTRO. [online] Available at: http://www.estro.org/ [Accessed 30 Apr. 2016].

EORTC

European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer.

Bibliographic reference: Stupp, R. (n.d.). About us. [online] EORTC. Available at: http://www.eortc.org/about-us/ [Accessed 30 Apr. 2016].