«Myelography developed as an imaging technique to assess the status of the thecal sac, spinal cord, and nerve roots in diverse pathologic conditions. Before the development of myelography, the only definitive means of evaluating these structures was laminectomy and direct inspection [1].»
«Myelographic techniques have evolved over time. The requirement for dural puncture, although invasive, offered the opportunity to acquire cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens for laboratory analysis as a part of the procedure. (...). After spinal puncture, a myelographic contrast agent was slowly injected into the subarachnoid space with fluoroscopic confirmation. (...). Myelography is an invasive procedure, requiring puncture of the subarachnoid space. The spinal puncture is generally done below the L1-2 disc space level. Subarachnoid puncture also can be performed in the cervical spine at the C1-2 level via a lateral approach, or at the craniocervical junction via a posterior midline approach. (...). Although myelography has become a relatively safe test, it is invasive. MR imaging of the spine with its improved soft tissue delineation and excellent ability to depict and characterize extradural, intradural, and intramedullary lesions has led to a significant decrease in the use of myelography [1].»
«Several contrast agents have been used for myelography»: air and other gases, Thorotrast® (a suspension containing particles of the radioactive compound thorium dioxide), Lipiodol (ethiodized oil), Abrodil (sodium iodomethane sulfonate), Conray (iothalamate meglumine), Pantopaque (iophendylate), Dimer-X (methylglucamine iocarmate), metrixamide, iohexol and other nonionics [1].
«In 1919, Dr. Walter Dandy [2] suggested that the intraspinal air that was used for pneumoencephalography could be also used for the diagnosis of intraspinal pathology. A few years later, Dandy [1922, cited by 1] reported his experience with pneumomyelography in the diagnosis of spinal cord tumors. Attractive features of gas, specifically air, as a contrast medium include low cost, lack of allergic reactions, and spontaneous reabsorption. Other gases, such as oxygen, were also used for pneumomyelography because of their greater diffusibility and more prompt resorption. Gas is a negative contrast agent, and the optical contrast provided by plain radiography or tomography was poor. Although not chemically toxic, a variety of unpleasant side effects, such as headache, nausea, and transient neurologic symptoms, were common with air myelography. (...). The other disadvantage of pneumomyelography was that fluoroscopic images could not be used; rather, radiographs were obtained using overpenetrated technique. Even with the best technique, these studies were extremely challenging to perform and interpret [1].» «Advancements in contrast media development have led to significant improvement in their safety profile [1].» «The development of water-soluble contrast media allowed the use of post-myelographic computed tomography, which was a major advance [1].»
«Although myelography has largely been supplanted by MRI [magnetic resonance imaging], it will continue to be a necessary tool and is most useful in evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and in patients unable to undergo MRI [1].»
Bibliographic references:
[1] Price DB, Ortiz AO. Myelography: From Lipid-Based to Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2017 Nov;25(4):713-724. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2017.06.005.
[2] Dandy WE. Roentgenography of the brain after the injection of air into the spinal canal. Ann Surg. 1919 Oct;70(4):397–403. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-191910000-00004.
God bless Dr. USELU for his marvelous work in my life, I was diagnosed of HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS since 2018 and I was taking my medications, I wasn't satisfied i needed to get the HERPES out of my system, I searched about some possible cure for HERPES i saw a comment about Dr. USELU , how he cured HERPES with his herbal medicine, I contacted him and he guided me. I asked for solutions, he started the remedy for my health, he sent me the medicine within 3 days. I took the medicine as prescribed by him and 2 weeks later i was cured from HERPES contact him via email (dr.uselucaregiver@gmail.com) once again thanks to you Dr. USELU cure the flowing virus, contact his email or add him on whatsapp (+2349019328641) cancer cure
ReplyDeletediabetes cure
ringing ear
herpes cure
warts cure
HPV cure
HIV cure
get your ex back
pregnancy herbal medicine
Hepatitis
Do You Need A Powerful Africa Native Doctor? I Mean A Spiritual Herbalist
ReplyDeleteWith Great Spirit Connected To Ancestors. Call or WhatsApp +2349058774809 Dr Obodubu Monday Is A High Voodoo Priest Master. He is a Spell Caster, Native
Doctor, Spiritual Herbalist, Powerful Sickle cell Healer, Spiritual
Astrologer, Psychic Reader, Multi Guru, Witch Doctor, Priest Of Africa
Money Ritual.
Have You Been To Native Doctor to Native Doctor Without Any Solution To
Your Problems Or Rather Add To it? Have You Been To Place To Place In View
Of A Powerful Native Doctor That Can Solve All Your Predicament, You Must
Understand That There Is A Native Doctor That Supersede All Native Doctor
Among All Native Doctor, If You Are In Search Of A Powerful Native Doctor
With Great Spiritual Powers, Then You Must Be In Search Of A Native Doctor
That Derives Power From The Marine World. That Is The Spirituality Of The
Greatest Africa Native Doctor Obodubu.
Dr Obodubu Is Recognized All Over The World Of Marine Kingdom, As One
Of The Top Fortunate And Most Powerful Native Doctor Of Charms Casts From
The Beginning Of His Ancestors ship Until Now Dr who lives Strong
Among All Other Native Doctors, There Have Never Been Any Form Of
Impossibility Beyond The Control Of Dr Obodubu. It Doesn't Matter The
Distance Of The Person With The Problems Or Situation, All You Have To Do
Is Believe
In The Native Obodubu charms Casts That Works, He Always
Warns Never To Get His Charms Casts If You Do Not Believe Or Unable To
Follow His Instruction.
It Is The Assignment Of The Native Doctor Obodubu To Offer
Services To Those In Need Of Spiritual Assistance Not Minding The Gravity
Of Your Situations Or Distance As Long As Water, Sea, Ocean, Lake, River
Sand etc. Are Near You, Then Your Problems Of Life Would Be Controlled
Under Your Foot.
If You Need Any Spiritual Help On Any of These:
Get Your Lover Back
Fruit Of The Womb
Fibroid
Business Boom
Financial Breakthrough
Get Rich Without Ritual WhatsApp +2349058774809
Do As I Say
Bad Dream
Promise And Fail
Epilepsy
Spiritual Attack
Land/Court Case
Mental Disorder
Political Appointment
Visa Approval
Cancer
Examination Success
Spend And Get Back
Good Luck
Natural Health
Hypertension
Diabesity (Diabetic+Obesity
Stroke
Sickle Cell
Impotency
Win Court Case
Promotion At Work
Commanding Tone
Protection Ring
Marriage Success
Love Ring
Favour Ring
Recover Lost Glory
Spiritual Power For Men Of God
Travel Success Ring
Job Success
Lotto/Pool Win And Many More.
Make Haste To Call or WhatsApp Dr Obodubu Monday +2349058774809. Or Mail Him to
babadoctorobodubuspiritualhome@gmail.com For Spiritual Problem Today And
You Will Surely
Get Solution To All Your Predicament.
Email: babadoctorobodubuspiritualhome@gmail.com