Symbols with short codes

In: Awesome Daily Staff. StumbleUpon. Stumbleuponcom. 2014. Available at: http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/2XigqH. Accessed February 25, 2017.

Lower urothelium (or lower transitional cell epithelium)

It coats the interior walls of the «urinary bladder, the ureters, the superior urethra, and the prostatic and ejaculatory ducts of the prostate.»

Bibliographic reference: Transitional epithelium. Enwikipediaorg. 2017. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_epithelium. Accessed February 20, 2017.

Upper urothelium (or upper transitional cell epithelium)

It coats the interior walls of the pyelocaliceal cavities and ureter.

Bibliographic references: Rouprêt M, Babjuk M, Böhle A, et al. Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma. EAU - European Association of Urology. 2017. Available at: https://uroweb.org/guideline/upper-urinary-tract-urothelial-cell-carcinoma/#3. Accessed February 20, 2017.

Urological organs

«The organs under the domain of urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis).»

Bibliographic reference: Urology. Enwikipediaorg. 2016. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urology. Accessed February 20, 2017.

Redistribution

«Reassortment. The radiosensitivities of cells vary according to phases of the cell cycle.» «The duration of the cell cycle phases are: G1 = 1.5–14 h, S = 6–9 h, G2 = 1–5 h, and M = 0.5–1 h. The most sensitive are M and G2. The most resistant is S.» «Cells in the resistant phases of the cell cycle may progress into the sensitive phases in the next fraction, when radiation is given in fractions. Therefore, the probability of tumor cells to be exposed to radiation at sensitive phases increases. This probability will continue for the whole treatment, and the benefit from radiation will increase.»

Bibliographic reference: Beyzadeoglu M, Ozyigit G, Selek U. Radiation Oncology. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer; 2012:112-114.